[Answered]: According to Emanuel and Emanuel in “Four Models…

According to Emanuel and Emanuel in “Four Models of the Physician-Patient that the physician can discern what is in the patient’s best interest with limited patient participation that the patient’s values are well-defined and known; what the patient lacks is facts that the physician must work with the patient and elucidate and make coherent his or her values that the patient’s values are open to development and revision through moral discussion